mountaindogmedia left the following comment on my post for installing Apache, PHP, and MySQL on Mac OS X:
- To open the hosts file use the command below (you can Copy and Paste it directly into the terminal window). Sudo nano /private/etc/hosts. Press the return key.Terminal will ask you for a password.Enter the Administrator password for your Mac. As you enter the password the characters will not appear on screen, this is a privacy feature included in Terminal, simply hit.
- How to Edit the Mac Hosts File. There are actually two ways to edit the Mac Hosts file. You can use Terminal or a standard text editor. The method you use is up to you. Using the Terminal. The simplest way to edit the Hosts file is by using the built-in UNIX terminal in OS X or macOS.
Jason, have you tried a modified Include statement for virtual hosts to map a directory? So instead of /etc/apache2/extra/httpd-vhosts.conf as indicated, one would use /etc/apache2/extra/vhosts/*.conf and then just create a default.conf for the first virtual host, and then add/edit/delete vhost files as needed. I think it would be easier to manage host files and changes.
This is the default location of hosts file in Mac OS X: /private/etc/hosts. And, here is the way to edit the file. Open terminal and type this command: sudo nano /private/etc/hosts. And it will ask your system password once you enter the password, you will see a screen like this. Step 2 Open the hosts file Open the hosts by typing on the Terminal that you have just opened: $ sudo nano /private/etc/hosts Type your user password when prompted. Step 3 Edit the hosts file The hosts file contains some comments (lines starting with the # symbol), as well as some default hostname mappings (e.g. 127.0.0.1 localhost).
Indeed, mountaindogmedia, this is an easier way. In fact, this is the default configuration for many servers.
By default, the Apache Virtual Host configuration on Mac OS X is located in a single file: /etc/apache2/extra/httpd-vhosts.conf. You need to edit the Apache configuration to include this file and enable virtual hosts.
Over the years, I have created many virtual hosts. Each time editing httpd-vhosts.conf. To mountaindogmedia's point, this becomes difficult to manage. Furthermore, Apache configurations often get reset when upgrading Mac OS X. In the same amount of steps (two), you can adopt a more manageable configuration.
What are Virtual Hosts?
From the Apache Virtual Host documentation:
The term Virtual Host refers to the practice of running more than one web site on a single machine.
By default, the Apache configuration on Mac OS X serves files from /Library/WebServer/Documents accessed by the name locahost. This is essentially a single site configuration. You could mimic multiple sites by creating subdirectories and access a site at localhost/somesite.
This is not ideal for several reasons. Primarily, we would rather access the site using a name like somesite.local. To do that, you need to configure virtual hosts.
A Cleaner Configuration
Before I being, I assume you already installed and configured Apache on Mac OS X.
First, open the Terminal app and switch to the root user to avoid permission issues while running these commands.
Edit the Apache configuration file:
Find the following line:
Below it, add the following line:
This configures Apache to include all files ending in .conf in the /private/etc/apache2/vhosts/ directory. Now we need to create this directory.
Create the default virtual host configuration file.
Add the following configuration:
I create this file to serve as the default virtual host. When Apache can not find a matching virtual host, it will use the first configuration. By prefixing this file with an underscore, Apache will include it first. Techincally this file is not needed as it simply repeats the configuraton already in httpd.conf. However, it provides a place to add custom configuration for the default virtual host (i.e. localhost).
Now you can create your first virtual host. The example below contains the virtual host configuration for my site. Of course, you will want to substitute jasonmccreary.me with your domain name.
Create the virtual host configuration file:
Add the following configuration:
This VirtualHost configuration allows me to access my site from http://jasonmccreary.local for local development.
Note: I use the extension local. This avoids conflicts with any real extensions and serves as a reminder I am developing in my local environment.
Note: The Require all granted configuration became available in Apache 2.4 which comes with Mac OS X Yosemite. If you are running a version of OS X before Yosemite, use the equivalent 2.2 configuration in the upgrading Apache examples.
The final step is to restart Apache:
If you run into any problems, run:
This will test your Apache configuration and display any error messages.
Mapping the .local extension
Edit Hosts File Mac
In order to access sites locally you need to edit your hosts file.
Add a line to the bottom of this file for your virtual host. It should match the value you used for the ServerName configuration. For example, my site:
I like to run the following to clear the local DNS cache:
Now you can access your site using the .local extension. For example, http://jasonmccreary.local.
A note about permissions
You may receive 403 Forbidden when you visit your local site. This is likely a permissions issue. Simply put, the Apache user (_www) needs to have access to read, and sometimes write, to your web directory.
If you are not familiar with permissions, read more. For now though, the easiest thing to do is ensure your web directory has permissions of 755. You can change permissions with the command:
In my case, all my files were under my local ~/Documents directory. Which by default is only readable by me. So I had to change permissions from my web directory all the way up to ~/Documents to resolve the 403 Forbidden issue.
Note: There are many ways to solve permission issues. I have provided this as the easiest solution, not the best.
Modify Host File On Mac
In Closing
Any time you want to add a site to Apache on your Mac, simply create a virtual host configuration file for that site and map it in your hosts file.
Reset Hosts File Mac
mountaindogmedia left the following comment on my post for installing Apache, PHP, and MySQL on Mac OS X:
- To open the hosts file use the command below (you can Copy and Paste it directly into the terminal window). Sudo nano /private/etc/hosts. Press the return key.Terminal will ask you for a password.Enter the Administrator password for your Mac. As you enter the password the characters will not appear on screen, this is a privacy feature included in Terminal, simply hit.
- How to Edit the Mac Hosts File. There are actually two ways to edit the Mac Hosts file. You can use Terminal or a standard text editor. The method you use is up to you. Using the Terminal. The simplest way to edit the Hosts file is by using the built-in UNIX terminal in OS X or macOS.
Jason, have you tried a modified Include statement for virtual hosts to map a directory? So instead of /etc/apache2/extra/httpd-vhosts.conf as indicated, one would use /etc/apache2/extra/vhosts/*.conf and then just create a default.conf for the first virtual host, and then add/edit/delete vhost files as needed. I think it would be easier to manage host files and changes.
This is the default location of hosts file in Mac OS X: /private/etc/hosts. And, here is the way to edit the file. Open terminal and type this command: sudo nano /private/etc/hosts. And it will ask your system password once you enter the password, you will see a screen like this. Step 2 Open the hosts file Open the hosts by typing on the Terminal that you have just opened: $ sudo nano /private/etc/hosts Type your user password when prompted. Step 3 Edit the hosts file The hosts file contains some comments (lines starting with the # symbol), as well as some default hostname mappings (e.g. 127.0.0.1 localhost).
Indeed, mountaindogmedia, this is an easier way. In fact, this is the default configuration for many servers.
By default, the Apache Virtual Host configuration on Mac OS X is located in a single file: /etc/apache2/extra/httpd-vhosts.conf. You need to edit the Apache configuration to include this file and enable virtual hosts.
Over the years, I have created many virtual hosts. Each time editing httpd-vhosts.conf. To mountaindogmedia's point, this becomes difficult to manage. Furthermore, Apache configurations often get reset when upgrading Mac OS X. In the same amount of steps (two), you can adopt a more manageable configuration.
What are Virtual Hosts?
From the Apache Virtual Host documentation:
The term Virtual Host refers to the practice of running more than one web site on a single machine.
By default, the Apache configuration on Mac OS X serves files from /Library/WebServer/Documents accessed by the name locahost. This is essentially a single site configuration. You could mimic multiple sites by creating subdirectories and access a site at localhost/somesite.
This is not ideal for several reasons. Primarily, we would rather access the site using a name like somesite.local. To do that, you need to configure virtual hosts.
A Cleaner Configuration
Before I being, I assume you already installed and configured Apache on Mac OS X.
First, open the Terminal app and switch to the root user to avoid permission issues while running these commands.
Edit the Apache configuration file:
Find the following line:
Below it, add the following line:
This configures Apache to include all files ending in .conf in the /private/etc/apache2/vhosts/ directory. Now we need to create this directory.
Create the default virtual host configuration file.
Add the following configuration:
I create this file to serve as the default virtual host. When Apache can not find a matching virtual host, it will use the first configuration. By prefixing this file with an underscore, Apache will include it first. Techincally this file is not needed as it simply repeats the configuraton already in httpd.conf. However, it provides a place to add custom configuration for the default virtual host (i.e. localhost).
Now you can create your first virtual host. The example below contains the virtual host configuration for my site. Of course, you will want to substitute jasonmccreary.me with your domain name.
Create the virtual host configuration file:
Add the following configuration:
This VirtualHost configuration allows me to access my site from http://jasonmccreary.local for local development.
Note: I use the extension local. This avoids conflicts with any real extensions and serves as a reminder I am developing in my local environment.
Note: The Require all granted configuration became available in Apache 2.4 which comes with Mac OS X Yosemite. If you are running a version of OS X before Yosemite, use the equivalent 2.2 configuration in the upgrading Apache examples.
The final step is to restart Apache:
If you run into any problems, run:
This will test your Apache configuration and display any error messages.
Mapping the .local extension
Edit Hosts File Mac
In order to access sites locally you need to edit your hosts file.
Add a line to the bottom of this file for your virtual host. It should match the value you used for the ServerName configuration. For example, my site:
I like to run the following to clear the local DNS cache:
Now you can access your site using the .local extension. For example, http://jasonmccreary.local.
A note about permissions
You may receive 403 Forbidden when you visit your local site. This is likely a permissions issue. Simply put, the Apache user (_www) needs to have access to read, and sometimes write, to your web directory.
If you are not familiar with permissions, read more. For now though, the easiest thing to do is ensure your web directory has permissions of 755. You can change permissions with the command:
In my case, all my files were under my local ~/Documents directory. Which by default is only readable by me. So I had to change permissions from my web directory all the way up to ~/Documents to resolve the 403 Forbidden issue.
Note: There are many ways to solve permission issues. I have provided this as the easiest solution, not the best.
Modify Host File On Mac
In Closing
Any time you want to add a site to Apache on your Mac, simply create a virtual host configuration file for that site and map it in your hosts file.
Reset Hosts File Mac
Default Hosts File For Mac Catalina
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